Critical Psychology and freedom Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Psychology and freedom - Term Paper Example Freedom means being out of external coercion from all aspects of life. In most cases this coercion comes from the government. Globalization has been brought about by individuals desire to live better and to be free. The importance of a globalized world is the mobility associated with it across the world. The key attraction to globalization is freedom as suggested by Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2000). The nature of globalization overcomes the barriers associated with where to invest, what to buy or where to go thus giving individuals the chance to make choice. This freedom associated with globalization is in terms of social, political and economic freedom. In the case of political freedom, globalization provides for the best opportunities good governance and democracies. Globalization brings economic freedom in terms of free market competition for goods and services. Social freedom means that individuals are free to move to all parts of world and interact freely without any kind of r estriction. However some scholars According to Nikolas Rose, Freedom and its value is becoming principle of most of the political endeavor and projects. The free world where the individuals dwell is triumphed with free market economy brought about by globalization according to Rudnycky (2010). The aspect of freedom according to Nikolas Rose underpins individual’s perception of how they want to be organized, ruled and understood in respect to their predicament. In the past, freedom in all spects of life was seen to eradicate social stability, order and ethics of work, civility and the value of the family. Today with the growth of globalization, freedom is valued as it brings about social mobility. Individuals have desired to be free and are always on the motive of getting liberation. However political freedom appears to be paradoxical and is almost theoretical rather than practical. According to Rose, this is because the world today is characterized by the opposition existing between freedom and government. As suggested by Baum (2000), the value of current politics has been defined by the value of liberalism. A state which is liberal is limited in that the practices of the government are restricted by individual liberty. With the issue of globalization freedom is understood as practical, material, governmental and technical. The principle of individual freedom is only moral aspect which has led to growing and advanced civilization. Protecting and enhancing citizens’ freedom secures the state’s wealth, productivity, health and its welfare. Nikolas Rose argues that freedom has been the governments’ objective. It is also perceived as governments’ instrument and means of promoting the intervention of various governing technologies. According to Zygmunt Bauman, Freedom refers to a situation whereby the motives of the individual shape their actions and the desired results of the outcome. Just like Rose, Bauman is against the idea th at freedom existing universally. Bauman argues that freedom in the modern world is constructed as a social creation and capitalism development resulting from privileges and power. In his discussion on the concept of freedom Bauman uses three different themes as suggested by Oksala (2005). One of these themes is relational concept freedom which implies that freedom to one individual is lack of freedom t anther individual. Secondly is the issue of the influence capitalism has on modern freedoms. Finally, he underscores the idea of government’

Pleasantville Point of View Essay Example for Free

Pleasantville Point of View Essay In Pleasantville, the main two characters were David as Bud and Jennifer as Mary Sue. These two teens are from the 1990s and get taken back to the 1950s sitcom â€Å"Pleasantville†. When they are taken back into time, the two teens took back with them modern day ways and alter the universe in â€Å"Pleasantville†. David and Jennifer didn’t try to stir up things for the town intentionally. David wanted to keep things the same so they can go back home and keep things in â€Å"Pleasantville† pleasant. Jennifer wanted to go back home as but as long as he had to stay there. She wasn’t going to do right like her brother want her to. Jennifer felt differently. She felt like they were too boring for her and wanted to shake things up a little bit. She wanted to bring the 1990s into the 1950s and kind of stirred things up. As time was going by and things started to change day by day; some of the older folks didn’t want the change. They wanted things to stay the way they have always been. The dad played as George was your standard dad that went to work every day and came home and expected to have his wife waiting on him hand and feet with dinner cooked. The mother Betty was your typical mother that got the kids up, fixed breakfast, ironed, had dinner cooked, etc. When David alerted the fireman that there was afire but had to say cat. That was when things started to change. The other teenagers wanted to know how he knew about the fire. They wanted to know what was outside of â€Å"Pleasantville† and for once the books had words and they wanted to know more. They were intrigued to learn new things and wanted to know more. They weren’t afraid to venture out amp; absorb new things and experience life. David was a kid that was shy and afraid. He never went for the things he wanted in life. Back at his school in the 1990s he was afraid to ask out this girl he had a crush on. He stood from afar and watched while another guy was talking to his crush and asked her out instead of him asking. He never built up enough courage to talk to her or anyone else. At school he felt very out of place. He was an outsider. When he was in â€Å"Pleasantville†, he felt at home. He knew the storyline and he knew everything was going to be the same way every day and never change. As the movie went on he tried to keep things just as they were but that was hard because his sister kind of stirred it up a little. As time was passing by, he began to wonder why his color never changed while others around him were changing. His time didn’t come so sudden because he still hasn’t figured out why he was taken back into time. He still hasn’t overcome he fear and lived life yet. The turning point was when he was showing compassion for his mother when she was afraid of being seen in color and when he took up for her when the young men were hounding her for being in color and posing nude just because she was different than they were. Once he took up for his mother in the sitcom. He overcame his fear and for once stood up for himself as well as someone else and didn’t back down. Jennifer was that typical 1990s girl that wanted to be kind of rough, hard, bad, and sleep with a guy to get them to want to be with her. That is what she knew because of how her generation was brought up. So when she gets to â€Å"Pleasantville†, she really wants to go back home and go back to her normal life to go on her date. She doesn’t want to listen to her brother and follow his instructions. She just wants to do her own thing. The town is too boring for her. There is no excitement. So when she finally decides to go out with Skip. She decides to be bad and go to lover’s lane and do more than hold hands. Her and Skip continue to do it for a while and she all of a sudden becomes bored with having sex. When Skip came to her window and wanted to have sex with her. She didn’t want to because she was studying. Now that was a shocker. For once in her life she’s more concerned about school work than a guy. She was so proud that she actually finishes reading a book for the first time in her life. That was her turning point in her life. She put her education first instead of trying to get a guy to like her. She set herself apart from the other females in the sitcom that became how they once were vice versa. The overall message is to believe in you and never lose hope. Don’t let anyone or yourself stop you from doing or becoming anything you want to do. David wasn’t shy or afraid anymore and Jennifer for once cared about herself and didn’t think about her old ways for once. With David learning compassion and bravery; he takes that back home when his mother is back early at home and is feeling down. He comforts his mother and I’m pretty sure he will take everything he has learned with him in his everyday life. Jennifer got her life together and wanted to stay a bit longer to continue to work on herself before she came home. She actually thought about college. Jennifer took control of life and didn’t let anyone influence her decision. Everyone just needs a push or a situation to go through to make their behavior change for the good. Like I once stated was that you should never lose hope and believe in yourself. Go for the gold in life and never back down from a challenge.

The problems with Indian education system and recommendations

The problems with Indian education system and recommendations Introduction The Indian education system has come a long way since independence. Several prestigious institutes have been set up including primarily, the Indian Institutes of Technology which are ranked amongst the top 50 engineering institutes in the world. The recent education boom has is a testament to how education in India has become a business today. The full-fledged privatization of Indian educational institutions is by no means a bad thing. This model has worked quite well in the USA and UK. This model fails to be as successful in India however for the following prime reasons: In the USA non-college educated people can still maintain a decent standard of living. In India having a college education is imperative to ensure an above average standard of living. A pure 10th standard graduate in India earns on an average not more than Rs. 40,000 a year. An average BE graduate earns around Rs. 2.5 lakhs a year In India because of a tradition rooted in the class system blue-collar jobs are considered demeaning. To attain a white collar job, even if, for an entry level clerk position, a bachelors degree in arts or commerce is expected. The aforementioned points created a massive market for educational institutions over the last decade. The IT boom has led to a flood of engineers being churned out by the system every year. The value of degree today, ranks above the value of education On an average a BE graduate from an above average engineering college finds a job irrespective of the scores, academic performance and extra-curricular activities. This is driven by the sheer demand for engineers generated by Indias software boom. This demand has in turn created a large number of engineering colleges and institutes across India. It was only with the recent economic downturn that this demand saw a plunge and for the first time in the last 4 years: 22,000 seats in the MHT-EN-CET remained empty Students realized that a degree from a 2nd tier engineering institute held limited value when the time came to take up a job. The education business in India needs to be revamped. The unfettered and uncontrolled growth of educational institutes has led to a dip in the quality of education provided. The educational landscape India as a culture has conventionally focused on the wrong aspects of education. This trend may be partially attributed to the rote style of learning things propounded by the classic system of Gurukul from ancient India. This encouragement of rote style of learning begins from the primary school level. Primary and secondary school 73% of primary schools are government funded and 27% are privately owned schools As a general rule government schools: Have a poor teacher to student ratio >1:40 Less focus on extra-curricular activities Less focus on all-round development Private schools provide only marginally better services. But it is clear that to succeed in India getting high marks through intense rote-style studying has become unavoidable. Primary school and secondary school education in India suffers from the following clearly visible setbacks: Focus on rote learning for all subjects Logical and analytical thinking is not promoted Students are not encouraged to develop opinions Students are discouraged from participating in extra-curricular activities which can help in all round development Broken down subject-wise following deficiencies are commonly observed: Mathematics: More focus on learning up multiplication tables and rapid mental calculations as opposed to theory building Sciences: Less focus on practical experiments Languages: Very high focus on rote learning of poetry and literature as compared to language and vocabulary development Social sciences: Very high focus on rote learning of dates, names and events as compared to development of opinion and creation of social awareness A major consequence of this rote-style of education is that students forget their lessons by the time they go to college because the object of their studies had been examination oriented. At a time when an individual is expected to study integrated circuit technology he/she may have forgotten the three orders of a lever. Junior college In our system after the 10th standard board examinations the student has to attend 2 more years of college before moving into graduate education. Depending upon the location of the student he/she has three choices: State board ISC board CBSE board Students who intend to get into the engineering stream have the following choices: Get into the state board and try for local engineering colleges Get into ISC or CBSE board and try for AIEEE national institutes of technology or give JEE to get into the prestigious IITs Students who want to get into medicine have to work towards AICTE or give try out for the local medical colleges. The few students who intend to avoid both are at liberty to opt for any of the boards without much consideration. The prime educational set-backs faced here assuming the student intends to enter a science stream are as follows: The student may not be able to adapt to the shift of focus away from languages and social sciences Students tend to neglect college education in favor of studying for upcoming entrance examinations including AIEEE, JEE and CETs In essence this 2 year period proves to be a study leave of sorts. The students studies during these two years focuses on scraping through the entrance examination at the end of the tunnel as opposed to the studies at hand. Higher studies The Indian education system is known for its highly competitive nature. The top two most difficult academic entrance examinations in the World today are Indian. By acceptance rates: IIT Joint Entrance Examinations with a 0.3% acceptance rate IIM Common Admission Test with a 0.5% acceptance rate Earlier academic performance is rarely an indication of success in the JEE. Only 30% of 10th standard board toppers make it through JEE This is largely attributed to the inclusion of languages and social sciences in the board results. But more significantly JEE demands a higher level of application of physics, chemistry and mathematics than the students are exposed to. Students are engineered to answer board examination papers in school with repeated questions and theoretical redundancies. The JEE is an examination where questions are rarely repeated year on year and it is very difficult to engineer a student to clear this examination. Everyone wants to get into IITs but not everyone can. The JEE is one of the most difficult examinations to get through in the world ranked at number 3. IIT Joint Entrance examinations have an acceptance rate of less than 0.3% The result of this acutely low figure is that 99.07% of JEE applicants have to settle for inferior options. The unfortunate truth about Indian engineering colleges is that there are a lot of options but very few good options. The JEE is one of the toughest exams to clear and a major This is true for other fields as well. In comparison most American universities provide a higher quality of education as compared to an Indian institution. The fact that out of the top 100 institutes in world today 67 are American and 4 (the IITs) are Indian supports this contention. Barring financial constraints, it is 40 times easier to get into MIT or Stanford than it is to get into the IITs It is 30 times easier to get into Harvard and Oxford business schools than it is to get into an IIM in terms of acceptance rates. These eye-opening statistics clearly show the bleak situation of our higher education system. A general trend among ambitious students has been to leave the country if they dont get into the prestigious Indian institutes. Students with financially strong backgrounds have limited incentive to stay on and go for a third tier college when they can simply go for higher education to the USA in a more world renowned and reputed university. It is hardly a wonder then that In 2010 more than 88000 students from India travelled to the UK and USA for higher education. This is a strong factor in the huge amount of brain-drain that has been occurring through the last decade. The statistics show that even the recession has not slowed down the exodus of Indian students to universities abroad. Once the students get settled there and have paid in dollars it almost becomes an imperative that they earn in dollars as well to cover up their Recommendations for the Indian education system: At Primary and Secondary school level: A best-of system should be introduced to encourage where only a certain number of subjects would be considered for the students assessment. Other significant subjects must enforce a nominal passing percentage requirement. This system will help a student focus on his/her interests and not be held back or bogged down by his weaknesses. There should be a grading system where extra-curricular and co-curricular activities should be made compulsory where every student may choose an area of his/her liking. This will work towards the students all-round development. The student should be given credit for his/her extracurricular activities. A full-fledged review needs to be performed to revise the whole curriculum. Education focus needs to shift from rote-based learning to application based learning. These steps are necessary to ensure a strong base is created for higher education. At junior college(11th and 12th standard) level: The 2 years between 10th standard boards and graduate education are critical to every student as they help them develop a compass for the future. It is in these years that the students develop a sense of their career ambitions and goals. During this period the student should be given exposure to all possible fields to develop a potential career. Extensive counseling should be provided to ensure that the student develops a good idea of what is a feasible course for the future. To the farthest extent possible entrance examination studies should be incorporated into elective geared towards the syllabi of these examinations The above recommendations strike at the government policy level and are by no means easy to implement. Moreover while they have an almost utopian quality, these policies are bound to be bogged down by bureaucratic hurdles and administrative red tape. Most significantly implementing these policies would require the kind of political will that has not been seen at the centre or state governments since independence. These policies are bound to raise several objections amongst people doubting their soundness. They are however nothing but an extrapolation of the more successful education practices implemented in the USA and the UK placed into the Indian scenario. Following are recommendations at a graduate and post-graduate level of higher education. Higher education in India is not controlled by the government to the extent primary and secondary school education is. At the graduate and post-graduate level: The most glaring deficiency at the graduate and post-graduate level of education in India is the inflexibility of the system. The single-track attitude of Indian education has led to extreme focus on specialization and the aversion to shift streams and take electives unrelated to the stream. US universities have a highly flexible system at the graduate level allowing someone to start off as with a computer science major and shift into economics through the course of his bachelor degree. The credit system works greatly towards this. Following are a few facilities that a new age university may provide: Indian colleges usually lack the University format prevalent throughout the western world. Barring a few, most Universities do not have a common campus and several colleges function almost as autonomous entities. Setting up University towns is a solution that may work towards this end. Real-estate in large cities is hard to come by; setting up towns with self-sustaining infrastructure could work towards this end. Flexibility in electives can be implemented more easily in the University format. While flexibility is detrimental at the post-graduate level it is certainly a feasible option. Credit systems prevalent in the west can be used to achieve this end. 72 % of engineering graduates aspire to get placements in management consultancies and banks* This is attributed to a higher level of remuneration offered by these corporations. It would hence be profitable to the universities if they offered electives relevant to economic, management and finance along with engineering. The universities need to have a high quality of education and need to revamp their system. Most new age colleges blindly follow outdate practices to adhere to prescribed norms to be associated with a University. Mumbai University has seen a sharp decline in quality over the past decade. Colleges tend to adhere to non-value adding activities like maintaining lab-journals. In reality students rarely actually perform the experiment. A large amount of students time is spent conforming to degree requirements then actually learning something. 84% of Mumbai university engineering graduates are dissatisfied with their education* 75% of Mumbai university engineering graduates do not know how to use MS Excel* If the process were consisted irrespective of how inexorably marred with red-tape and formality it were, then it would be acceptable. But the evaluations in the centralized examinations in the first and fourth years are rampant with administrative incompetence. A Mumbai university teacher is given around Rs.30 paise per paper for evaluation This shocking statistic clearly shows that the teacher rarely has any strong incentive to evaluate the paper sincerely. It should hardly come as a surprise then that Around 30000 papers are sent for reevaluation every year despite the cumbersome procedure and a Rs. 500 fee The new-age university needs to avoid the mistakes made by Mumbai University. It has degenerated in terms of quality of education over the years. The university must maintain a high standard to ensure that it remains economically sustainable while catering to the needs of the students. Things move slowly at the government level but if the private sector were given a strong incentive (financial) then certainly world class universities can be set up. Students in India are willing to pay a large amount of money for education a good university abroad. An average student pays $50000 as the total expenditure for a post-graduation degree and $80000 for a graduation degree including sundry expenses abroad Amounting to more than Rs. 300000. It is clear that there is a large enough market of students from economically strong backgrounds that would be willing to pay a large sum of money necessary to maintain an international standard of quality of education. For a private university it will be difficult to build up a brand name instantly. The best way for the private sector to ensure a rapid brand building exercise could be: Associated with a corporate brand like the TATAs have done with their institutes. People are more likely to join institutes associated with respected corporations. Get international brand associations with other world class universities. Having an association with Harvard or MIT would certainly justify the high fees that these institutions are likely to charge Since sundry costs in India will be considerably lower than those of foreign institutions it is undeniable that student will end up spending considerably less than the expenditure incurred in education abroad. A university providing a world class education at premium costs but lesser than the costs of education abroad would cater to a large untapped niche audience. There is a large potential for such world class universities. Conclusion The recommendations made in this paper are by no means easy to implement. But as mentioned in the beginning education has become highly privatized and become a business. The recommendations provided in the paper requiring a change in governmental policies will be extremely difficult to implement. It will be an unpopular move for any government to stir up a system that has been designed to be politically correct as opposed to productive. But at the university level strong measures can be taken to encourage private investors into the idea of a network of world class universities to rival the IITs and the IIMs.

Walden Two Essay -- essays research papers

Book Title: Walden Two Author: B.F. Skinner Pages: 301 I. SETTING: A. Time: mid 1940’s (after the end of WWII) B. Place: Walden Two, R.D. I, Canton C. Detailed description of the opening scene: Rogers and Steve just returning from war, and looking for a new beginning read an article on a man named Frazier who was planning to begin an experimental utopian society. They immediately become intrigued by the idea. Their interest brought them to the office of Professor Burris, one their former teachers to ask if he knew anything about Frazier, or about the new society Frazier is trying to build. Burris remembers Frazier as a classmate at his graduate school; he recalls his extremist ideas and his dislike for the institution. He also recalls discussions the two had shared about this "Utopian society." Reluctantly Burris agrees to contact Frazier, and sends him a letter. Immediately and enthusiastically he replies inviting Burris’ and his friends to visit the new community he has developed. Burris meets with the two men to inform them of the invitation, and agrees to take time off, to accomp any Rogers and Steve on a visit to "Walden Two," Frazier’s community. Rodger’s girlfriend Barbara, Steve’s girlfriend Mary, and Burris's colleague Castle also accompany them on the visit. II. THEME: a one-sentence statement of the theme of your novel Walden Two was Skinner’s attempt to portray what would occur if behaviorism were used to curve our society, he depicted a solution to the problems of modern life that involved a new beginning, an flee from our current society, and a dismissal of our political and econo... ...cters visiting the Utopian society of Walden Two engage in an abundance of dialogue, in order to discover the spirit and the principles behind this new community of Walden Two. Set speeches by main characters illustrate the points that Skinner wishes to make to the reader. Don't get me wrong, the ideas are challenging and the reading is not painful; there is even some dramatic tension. The thought of a society like Walden Two is intriguing, and the detail used by Skinner gives the reader a clear picture of what this society may look like, and how it operates. Overall the book was good, it was an enjoyable read, and wasn’t like other novels, it was individual. I would recommend this book to anyone who is open- minded, and is intrigued by the operations and possibility of alternate societies. Walden Two Essay -- essays research papers Book Title: Walden Two Author: B.F. Skinner Pages: 301 I. SETTING: A. Time: mid 1940’s (after the end of WWII) B. Place: Walden Two, R.D. I, Canton C. Detailed description of the opening scene: Rogers and Steve just returning from war, and looking for a new beginning read an article on a man named Frazier who was planning to begin an experimental utopian society. They immediately become intrigued by the idea. Their interest brought them to the office of Professor Burris, one their former teachers to ask if he knew anything about Frazier, or about the new society Frazier is trying to build. Burris remembers Frazier as a classmate at his graduate school; he recalls his extremist ideas and his dislike for the institution. He also recalls discussions the two had shared about this "Utopian society." Reluctantly Burris agrees to contact Frazier, and sends him a letter. Immediately and enthusiastically he replies inviting Burris’ and his friends to visit the new community he has developed. Burris meets with the two men to inform them of the invitation, and agrees to take time off, to accomp any Rogers and Steve on a visit to "Walden Two," Frazier’s community. Rodger’s girlfriend Barbara, Steve’s girlfriend Mary, and Burris's colleague Castle also accompany them on the visit. II. THEME: a one-sentence statement of the theme of your novel Walden Two was Skinner’s attempt to portray what would occur if behaviorism were used to curve our society, he depicted a solution to the problems of modern life that involved a new beginning, an flee from our current society, and a dismissal of our political and econo... ...cters visiting the Utopian society of Walden Two engage in an abundance of dialogue, in order to discover the spirit and the principles behind this new community of Walden Two. Set speeches by main characters illustrate the points that Skinner wishes to make to the reader. Don't get me wrong, the ideas are challenging and the reading is not painful; there is even some dramatic tension. The thought of a society like Walden Two is intriguing, and the detail used by Skinner gives the reader a clear picture of what this society may look like, and how it operates. Overall the book was good, it was an enjoyable read, and wasn’t like other novels, it was individual. I would recommend this book to anyone who is open- minded, and is intrigued by the operations and possibility of alternate societies.

Firms should seek to “get their own house in order” before seeking to manage suppliers Essay

Assignment Title: Firms should seek to â€Å"get their own house in order† before seeking to manage suppliers Purchasing is a vital process of the company, 100% efficiency is required at all times. There must be proper organization and flexibility in this department. People working in this department should constantly evaluate the current purchasing scheme of the company and adapt to changes at all times. Purchasing department or team of a company basically seek to answer these two questions: what we buy and how we buy. The answers to these two questions can change depending to companies size and sector. Indeed, by answering these two questions is the main goal of procurement team or department is to create best value for money and to maximize it. It is possible to maximize best value for money by obtaining surplus value. Surplus value is different from the value. Surplus value locates between cost of production for supplier and value of the product to the buyer. This is called the area zone of agreement. The surplus value which is retained by supplier is called producer surplus and the value which is retained by buyer is called consumer surplus, the procurement team/department aim to maximize consumer surplus. Purchasing process means that demand management. There are two ways to make purchase decision make-buy or outsourcing. Make-buy is required internal management it is related to the organizational buying behavior. Outsourcing is required external management consist of supplier management. The fundamental issue in purchasing process is to provide efficiency in demand management. Efficiency of purchasing process is related for instance a reduction in the number of suppliers used an automation of the purchasing process, the use of framework agreements, and the development of trusting relationship with suppliers. Providing efficiency contribute to get power. Business life means power games. The market is unforgiving for weakness so at first hand, while the firm seeks to establish its own house in order before seeking to manage the suppliers. It will provide efficiency. In order to get successful purchasing process, firm should manage its demand efficiently and firstly firm should be sure to provide this efficiency by establishing â€Å"in its own house in order† in this case firm could get power above its suppliers. Demand management problems in an organization could appear in different ways (Londsdale, SP&SM, Lecturer notes, Week 3) Maverick buying, fragmentation of spend, early specification, over-specification, unnecessary change to specifications, poor demand information, lack of clarity, adverse selection, inappropriate contracting, poor monitoring leading to moral hazard, unnecessary purchase. These problems occur alone or together. Organizational buying behavior involves a multi-person activity and it is true for 90% of organizational buying. This includes a very meticulous process which can even take more than a year to decide and conclude. Today’s organizations are aware of the costs involved in making timely, accurate and efficient decisions; create more value for money. If firms are to succeed in one facet of its global goal to be known in the market, a strong leadership should be in place; guide and make it move in a synchronized manner. Most of whom started small in its own right to be able to manage its own people easily, efficiently and most of all, avoid unaccounted costs. For a firm to manage its buying behavior and create a benchmark, it needs to: recognize a problem, acknowledge a general need, create or come up with product specifications, make an efficient and able supplier search, make a buying step, select a supplier, make an order-routine specification and conduct a post-purchase performance review. Once this process is harnessed over time; the next step to go bigger; to expand. (http://www. smartcompany. com. au/marketing/sales/22378-20111007-marketing-strategies-organisational-buyer-behaviour. html) To further elaborate: Recognize a problem- anticipate and plan for purchase on a routine basis Acknowledge a general need – extensive, objective cost-benefit analysis Create or come up with product specifications – using precise technical description using techniques such as value analysis Make an efficient and able buyer search- extensive search that extends to the search for a supplier Make a buying step – business to business Select a supplier- made after extensive evaluation of objective information Make an order-routine specification-routine calculation of re-order points as well as time and place of delivery Conduct a post-purchase performance review – extensive comparison made and feedback given, concern with quality management at source. All of these elements could still fail with the existence of problems that should be recognized and avoided at first glance namely (Londsdale, SP&SM, Lecturer notes, Week 3) maverick buying, fragmentation of spend, early specification, over-specification, unnecessary change to specifications, poor demand information, lack of clarity, adverse selection, inappropriate contracting, poor monitoring leading to moral hazard, and unnecessary purchase. When fragmentation exceeds its neutral level, means that parts or branches in this situation are unconnected and/or missing and still expected to come up with results the same as what the entire system once did (http://www. ourfurutre. com/real101. htm) the whole is always better in presence as everyone will have a better understanding of each function. It is also good to note that when there is a â€Å"whole Picture† concept. There is a better understanding as to the fluid interaction and dependency of each part resulting to better result of each task at hand. To cope with organizational fragmentation it’s important to understand why fragmentation arise in organization what are conflicts between branches or parts. Fragmentation arises in an organization because of several reasons. First, each department of an organization performs different functions, it follows that these departments have different needs. For instance, engineering department of a company would definitely use different computer from the HR department. These two departments have two different functions through both departments require computers for efficiency but both use special applications, features and specifications of computers to perform well. Legacy method is an old system that firms continue to practice these days. This is the second reason why fragmentation arises in organization. Maybe the system works satisfactory so organization sees no reason in changing it. The cost for changing and redesigning system could be costly both time and money compared to the anticipated appreciable benefits of replacing it to a new one. And lastly, difficulties in consolidating efforts in the organization. Human as we are, we have different opinions and our way of thinking is always different to one another. There are organizational factors that make consolidation efforts difficult. Conflicting preferences within organization arise due to limited rationality. Bounded rationality can also contribute to conflicting preferences for decision makers make decision with limited and often unreliable information. Limited time could and human mind’s limited capacity to evaluate and process information. Powers is exercised within organizations. People in higher position control over resources, rule-making, information and etc. lower ranks needed to comply to show obedience and respect thus result to conflicts. And lastly, each departments employees behave relating to their knowledge for example for manufacture department quality is important, for purchasing department price important. Each department has goals and priorities to fulfill,these can result to conflict as well. Conflicting preferences can be solve through identifying the problem and build organizational alliance to change internal client. Setting a standard and centralize preference within the organization would definitely help resolve this problem. Building alliances would demand purchasing managers to sort out personnel according to their rank. This could help to solve conflicting references in the organization. Furthermore, when fragmentation exceeds its neutral level, two problems that will basically occur in an instant. Inflation of transaction costs which an organization can face to cope with unnecessary suppliers. Organization could lose its leverage over its suppliers and suppliers tend to classify the customers. They tend to work with customers that work closely with their strategic objectives or make a good proportion of their turnover or help to spread their fixed cost but suppliers eliminate customers who don’t provide an attractive account or high volume of business. (Lonsdale and Watson, 2005) In a specific example, Rushmore University Hospital Trust (RUHT) (Lonsdale, SP;SM Lectures, Case Study) RUHT has fragmented throughout its 9 budget centres and each budget centre, clinicians could independently purchase. Fragmentation happens most of the time; each clinician in each budget centre can purchase commodities with the same specifications but under very different terms. For example, x-ray films purchase price could be differentiated 45% between budget centres. Lack of coordination and supplier opportunism cause inefficiency in RUHT. By understanding the characteristics of each budget center’s procurement needs, it could succeed consolidation between budget services. Another conspicuous example is Vodafone (Lonsdale, SP;SM Lectures, Case Study). In 2003, Vodafone Global Supply Chain Management Director, Detlef Schultz realized the internal procurement management problem. For instance, Vodafone has lack of information how it spend and it couldn’t translate its global size to the benefit. Schultz succeeds saving Money by putting together 17 disparate purchasing departments into one supply chain management. He introduced pre-agreed prices for frequently bought items. He provided the use e-auction system creates category management and developed different strategy for each category and it standardized the judgment way of suppliers so all this efforts to establish efficient procurement management result a great savings in Vodafone. Novartis also achieved cost saving by transforming its procurement strategy. Novartis is operating in seven different divisions and each of operating separately with their own CEO and CPO and it realized that 60 per cent of the overall expenditure is homogenous so Novartis achieved its goal like previous examples by leveraging its scale and by implementing global category management. In purchasing, demand management and procurement department capture power, decrease transaction costs, saving money and using companies scale and technology effectively, so by understanding companies own needs and improving information sources, providing coherence benevolently among brunches and departments and implementing appropriate strategies for each categories by this way company get efficiency in internal demand management and could reach its neutral level of fragmentation in purchasing. So by this way, company could share its value with its suppliers and monitor them in terms of even them pursuing companies values so company get leverage over its suppliers. Finally, providing efficiency in order house provide efficiency in the same time in suppliers management.

Synthesis of The Catcher in the Rye and Book Banning in Universities

Synthesis of The Catcher in the Rye and Book Banning in Universities Free Online Research Papers Throughout the novel The Catcher In The Rye, Holden Caulfield seems to be banning adulthood. In today’s society people often ban concepts that they do not agree with, however I believe that Salinger’s novel tells life stories that hold significant values and morals. I find that society has a way of overruling one’s own ethics by deciding what should be read. The Catcher In The Rye was banned for the various themes that congregate all through the novel. I found two themes that clearly intermingled through the story. Holden had a problem in dealing with anything that was sex related, which in turn lead to Holden’s alienation from society. Censoring and banning reading materials to me seems extremely immoral for society institutions because it its taking away the American people’s freedom of speech. In the article written by Stanley Fish, â€Å"There’s No Such Thing as Free Speech, and It’s a Good Thing, Too†, he writes that there is no such thing as free speech. Fish then goes and backs this up by talking about the first amendment. The Amendment prohibits the United States Congress from making any laws that would violate upon our freed of speech. I find that censorship in an encroachment on the freedom of speech, because it is suppression against communication between the author of the material and the reader. In the article â€Å"The Betrayal of Liberty on America’s Campuses,† written by Alan Charles Kors, there is an annoyance expressed over the censoring of expressions and speech in colleges that is labeled as being politically incorrect. Kors sees that the universities view the censoring as viewing all individuals being affronted equally. In Salinger’s novel, there is a lot of â€Å"sexual expressionism† throughout the storyline; I see this as one of the reason that it would be banned from Universities around the time it was published, due to the high sensitivity we have in the American public about freedom to express one’s self sexually. Holden admits in chapter nine that â€Å"sex is something I just don’t understand. I swear to God I don’t† (page 63). In that quote I find Holden trying to express his lack of knowledge in something that leads in to adulthood. Holden’s misunderstanding is holding him back from journeying into the realm of adult; he holds this as alienation towards society. Towards the end of the novel; the reader sees Holden explaining to his sister Phoebe what he wants to be â€Å"the catcher in the rye.† He over hears a child sing a song and misinterprets what the song really is saying. From this Holden had decided that he wants to be â€Å"the catcher† in the rye; who saves the children from falling out of innocence and into the knowledge of the adult world. I see a parallel in this part of the story and the banning of books in universities. University campuses think that it is within their right to say what is appropriate for students to read. I do not see how it is morally right for a college to breach on one’s First Amendments ability in Free speech. Universities have an obligation in protecting their students from what they believe to be immorally wrong in viewing; but they need to consider the students First Amendment rights in their freedom toward speech. Works cited: Salinger, J. D. The Catcher In The Rye. New York: Bantom Books, 1951. Research Papers on Synthesis of The Catcher in the Rye and Book Banning in UniversitiesBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Cal State Monterey Bay CSUMB Admissions Data

Cal State Monterey Bay CSUMB Admissions Data California State University-Monterey Bay (CSUMB) is selective, with 35% of applicants accepted last  year. The school is accessible to many interested students, especially those with grades and test scores well above average. Students should have at least a 2.0 high school GPA to be considered for admission. Prospective students are encouraged to visit the campus and to check out the schools website for more information regarding applications and the admissions process. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016) Cal State - Monterey Bay Acceptance Rate: 35%CSUMB GPA, SAT Score and ACT Score GraphCompare Cal State SAT ScoresCompare Cal State ACT Scores CSUMB Description Founded in 1994, CSUMB, the California State University at Monterey Bay, is the second youngest school in the  Cal State system. The schools stunning coastal setting is a big draw. CSUMB emphasizes hands-on, outcome-based learning and interaction between faculty and students. The CSUMB experience begins with a first-year seminar and concludes with a senior capstone project. The university owns two research boats for studying Monterey Bay, and service learning and undergraduate research projects are common. In Athletics, the CSUMB Otters compete in the NCAA Division II  California Collegiate Athletic Association. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 7,274  (6,758 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38% Male / 62% Female92% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17) Tuition and Fees: $6,379 (in-state); $17,539 (out-of-state)Books: $1,339 (why so much?)Room and Board: $11,930Other Expenses: $2,030Total Cost: $21,678 (in-state); $32,838 (out-of-state) CSUMB Financial Aid (2015- 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 80%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 74%Loans: 52%Average Amount of AidGrants: $8,623Loans: $4,532 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Computer Software, Environmental Science, Humanities, Kinesiology, Liberal Studies, Radio and Television, Social SciencesWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 80%Transfer Out Rate: 7%4-Year Graduation Rate: 21%6-Year Graduation Rate: 55% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Soccer, Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Track and Field, GolfWomens Sports:  Soccer, Softball, Water Polo, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf, Basketball Data Source National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like CSUMB, You May Also Like These Schools Menlo College: Profile  Otis College of Art and Design: Profile  Point Loma Nazarene University: Profile  Occidental College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Redlands: Profile  Westmont College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Admissions Profiles for Other Cal State Campuses Bakersfield  | Channel Islands  | Chico  | Dominquez Hills  | East Bay  | Fresno State  | Fullerton  | Humboldt  | Long Beach  | Los Angeles  | Maritime  | Monterey Bay  | Northridge  | Pomona (Cal Poly)  | Sacramento  | San Bernardino  | San Diego  | San Francisco  | San Jose State  | San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly)  | San Marcos  | Sonoma State  | Stanislaus More California Public University Information SAT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsACT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsThe University of California SystemSAT Score Comparison for the UC SystemACT Score Comparison for the UC System

Informative Essay Sample on Go Ask Alice by Grace Slick

Informative Essay Sample on Go Ask Alice by Grace Slick In the book Go Ask Alice , by Grace Slick, the main character Alice had suffered in a way that forced her to escape from her home to avoid her family. She was in too much trouble. She was on drugs and her parents did not know anything but they had a notion that she was hiding a secret from them. In the book, Alice was into drugs and was trying to stop using drugs when she was 14 and 15 years old. On the day that she want to a party she was raped. The day she first tried marajuana at a party there was also drugs in her drink and she did not know until the next day when her best friend told her what happened. She kept the secret and she never told her parents that she had tried drugs. Before Alice ran away from home she was wondering what it would be like to smoke a joint. After that she began to like it and she began become addicted to drugs. That was the time her parents noticed there was something going on with Alice Anonymous. Alices best friend helped her and got her things that she needed. For example she helped her get a job, a house and things that would make her stop thinking about drugs and stop her from using drugs. In the end, Alice came back home clean and didnt have any more trouble with drugs. Alice and her mother began to solve all the problems she had been through and they made a promise to each other that if she has any problems, they would talk about them. The part I disliked about the book was when she was raped and what people made her go through. People kept telling her to try the drugs and when she went to school people tried to sell it to her. Some of the other kids using drugs tried to blame everything on Alice to get her in trouble so she would get kicked out of school. The part that hurt is when she couldnt tell her mother how school was when she would come home from school crying and suffering. I am interested in this book because it showed me what my family went through when they were teenagers and other people I know too who had trouble using drugs. The book also made me experience a lot of feelings like sadness, happiness, excitement, etc. I like this book because it explained what a person had been through and where they went when they needed to run away from their problems. I also read this book because when my aunt was a teenager she read this book and I was wondering what kind of book she was reading when she was young. This book is interesting because it shows people and teenagers what it is like to be addicted to drugs and to help them understand what they might be going through if they start up on drugs. I found this book a good example of someone suffering and having a hard time trying to solve a problem by themself when they dont want to tell their parents or family members. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Go Ask Alice topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Essay Exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam - Essay Example We can be seen holding colourful umbrellas, spades, buckets and even a soft toy. This helps to display the level of innocence that each one of us had at that time. The four girls in the picture seem to be telling a story about the love and affection that there was among the four of them back then, as compared to now due to leading different lives in different parts of the world. In the background of the photo, the sea can be seen as swirling and meandering; the waves are moderate in size and appear to be lazing around under the hot sun. There is a man selling ice creams in the far background, with children gathered all around him, waiting for their turn to lick the lollies. Clouds can be seen floating in the distance above the warmth that the sea seems to be emanating through the photograph. The smiles on the faces of the four young girls are approximately equal to the genuine happiness with which they have tried to build a sandcastle, which can be seen to the right of the photograph . A group of friends are playing with a Frisbee behind the girls, and there is a young man caught in action, jumping to catch the Frisbee while two young women are laughing and having a good time. The beach is a place for relaxation and frolic and these feelings can easily be transformed from the picture to the person looking at it and helps him or her feel the warmth. A young woman can be seen sunbathing in the distance under the hot sun, reading a book and enjoying her leisure time. All the people present in the picture are clad in bathing suits and swimming trunks of different colours, giving the picture more depth and a feeling of youth. If one looks at the picture closely he may also be able to observe an old couple dipping their feet in the comforting water of the sea in the far distance, behind one of the cousins in the photograph. Even the old couple seem to be smiling and feeling young as they enjoy their days together; thus, one may observe a large amount of warmth and lov e in the photograph, and I often look at it in order to make myself feel happy. The four main girls (cousins) in the photo are holding each other’s hands; one of them is holding a bucket full of sand and the other a spade with which it is evident that the sandcastle was being made. The girl with the soft toy is the youngest of them all, clutching her teddy bear for security as joys as well as a hint of fear of the waves envelopes her mind. But her sisters seem to assure her by holding her around her waist and helping her understand the importance of happiness. The fourth girl is holding a colourful sun hat and a ball, not wanting to wear her hat shows her excitement of running and jumping around and the ball helps the viewers to understand the feeling of freshness and youth that comes with the joy of playing in the sun. In conclusion, the four sisters are a burst of positive energy and the same has been enhanced within the picture with the help of the sights and sounds that o ne can imagine easily by looking at the same; they have expressions of excitement as well as hyperactivity as they want to finish taking the picture and move to indulging in other kinds of physical activities as fast as they can, almost as if they know that when the day gets over, there will be very few occasions in the future of a similar

The Evaluation of the Hiring Process Used By the Firm Case Study - 1

The Evaluation of the Hiring Process Used By the Firm - Case Study Example This reflects a well thought out approach to hiring process which might yield undesirable results if conducted haphazardly or in a hurry or if started late as that would leave the firm to choose from only the leftovers that have been rejected by all prospective employers that have commenced and completed their entire recruitment process even before S. G. Cowen had made any moves. S.G. Cowen already has with them associates who had joined the firm as interns when they were in their first or second year in a business school. These associates had joined the firm in the break between their first and second years in their business schools and were offered full-time employment as they completed their internship that started the following summer. Some other associates had never been to a business school but had served as interns in the firm for three years and were promoted as first-year associates after they completed their internship. Very often officials of S.G. Cowen conduct ‘informational interviews’ prior to the actual formal process to gauge the level of seriousness and intent of the prospective candidates. Though this is essentially an informal process it helps the firm to focus on serious candidates and thus reduces unnecessary efforts on those that are genuinely not interested and have appeared just for the sake of appearing. It must be mentioned that prospective candidates have to appear for these informal interviews at their own expense thus automatically segregating those that were seriously interested from those that are rather casual about the whole process. S.G. Cowen also appointed ‘group captains’ or contact persons at every core business school to ensure students always had someone through whom they would be able to remain in constant contact with the firm. These contact persons are seldom ever from the human resource department. Rather, they are professional investment bankers with long years of service with the firm. These people served the twin purposes of locating the best possible candidates who would be able to seamlessly merge with the company and also attracting students who though interested in investment banking but are not quite sure as to which firm they would join.  Ã‚  

ECE 330 Discussion 2-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECE 330 Discussion 2-4 - Essay Example s manner, as the children’s thinking is developed, it is crucial to include items or materials in the classroom environment and curriculum that links to or facilitates the recalling of past lessons. Educators may observe and document what they see by placing children in their natural environments which include classrooms, the outdoors or home, mainly because the children will express more in actions that they would in words. Their actions, such as frustration by ripping pages, may be documented in anecdotal records that briefly describe specific incidents. Through pretend play, children are able to develop linguistic competence because they can first of all make sense out of their world and after developing cultural and social understandings, can express their feelings and thoughts. When a child pretends to be another person in play, he is able to construct statements and metacommunication appropriate to that role in order to maintain the episode of play. Through this, they will be able to internalize rule systems related to the language of the pretend play as well as ways of generating multiple forms of expressing thoughts (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). Through an observation made from teaching experiences in which non-French children were learning basic French, a student expressed linguistic competence by noting another, who pretended to be a French baker, was not stressing the sound ‘R’. By playing with language, this student was already feeling in control of it and was showing competence in understanding the concept of sounds and syllables. That shows the significance of pretend play in supporting linguistic competence through focused verbal interactions. Not all the Field Experience sites give children opportunities to present their learning. However, it was observed that children can present their learning through pictures, numbers, athletics, music and words. Therefore, as educators it is important to first allow the students discover their own

The joy of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The joy of life - Essay Example The characters in the painting vary from one to the other; the three characters on the foreground were painted using napels yellow-reddish extra colour. There are two obviously female characters in the middle ground, one with a reddish hair and the other a brunette they have a pale skin. On the left side of the paint, there are four characters, one with a yellow skin and the three have an emerald green skin tone. The painting is an elaborate yet brilliant use of an array of different aspects of art, and an intricate application of shadowing; this has the effect of dramatizing the characters in this piece of art. Matisse (1869-1954) is a celebrated and respected artist from Paris who initially began a career in law but eventually transited to art, where he started as an amateur artist and later studied academic painting from various artists in Paris, Australia and London. He also experimented on sculpting, using clay to create certain forms, and printmaking but his most notable contri butions are well known in the art works. Most of his paintings exhibit the character of extravagant and use of bold, bright and vibrant colors, and for this, he was known as â€Å"wild beast†. His bold usage of brilliant colours earned him a place in the list of greatest modern artist of the 20th century. His initial paintings, now mostly in St Petersburg Russia, were mostly inclined to innate subject matter, but his later work bore the inclination of impressionalism. He admired and adored several artists and these included Jean- Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, and he made copies of Chardin’s work. Henri Matisse applied several varied aspects of art in the painting ‘Joy of Life’ to put his message across. One of the most important elements that he applied is the careful use of space, which becomes very evident to the viewer at first glance. He was able to accomplish this through by the different sizes and distances between the subjects in the whole work as some o f the sizes seem entirely inconsistent generating marvelous scene to the viewer as to just how near or far the subjects are in relation to one another. The artist also applies color with creativity by using a very wide range of colors from extremely light to pastel purple with a thin outline of dark blue lines, to deep red landscape, which is in contrast with the pale yellow skin of a woman’s body to create an eye-catching impact on the viewer. Another outstanding element of Matisse’s artwork was the use of line in the whole paining of ‘Joy of Life’ to carefully outline the subjects that are lighter in tone, and to portray a general flow of the painting. The use of smooth, consistent lines in this piece conveyed the creativity of the artist, which greatly influenced the work and was adequately able to capture the exact effect that Matisse intended to show us. Matisse developed this painting out of the impressionists’ movement that was prevalent in t he late 19th century, a derogatory term coined by Louis Leroy in 1972 to refer to a work of art that is unfinished. Matisse’s painting had no sphere or boundary on rules, the painting purely reflected radicalism in light of the growing secularism at that time in France. French political system at that time had an impact on the painting, during that period, French political system was adapting to the secular society, this had an impact on

Impact of Communication and Ethics on Professional Life Assignment

Impact of Communication and Ethics on Professional Life - Assignment Example Therefore, when professional adopt accountability ethics he or she will be able to practices confidentiality that helps a lot in maintaining the privacy of customers and holding confidentiality of information that might be obtained during the professional service (Tavani, 2007).Professional competence has also been seen as ability of being committed in providing the quality service expected always, therefore, out of upholding competence, will introduce inward initiative toward the professionals to possess the knowledge and appropriate skills that will ensure quality services are given out. Competency will ensure there is faithfulness during interpretation if one is competent enough in his or her profession. An aim of developing competency will enhance ongoing professional development, which will incorporate the current knowledge and theoretical thus improving theirs skills and knowledge in their professional careers.Integrity in professional relationships will help in ensuring profes sionals are dealing honestly and fairly toward each and every colleagues or consumers in and out of their professional organizations (Osborne, 2009). While out of upholding integrity, the professional and members relationships will be easily differentiable since members will understand the difference the social interactions via professional thus establishing and maintaining well known boundaries between themselves and the customers they deal with. Also out of honest and fairness will result member acting toward each other.

Marketing research goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research goals - Essay Example Apart from this marketing research also is important for an organization as it gives them directions for future planning. Its like if marketing is an engine that drives a country's economy than marketing research is the process that keeps the engine tuned. Marketing Research's wide range of uses can measure the importance of it. For example it helps in making new and improved products and enables an organization to have a more convenient delivery of products and services. Well marketing research results can be both correct and incorrect, same is for the viewpoints of the senior management. The major reason for following either one of the options, which is following the marketing research conclusion or the viewpoints of senior management, depends on how much a person knows about the marketing research. If a person is sure that there has been no mistakes or errors throughout the marketing research then he can be sure of following the conclusions based on the marketing research but its not necessary that the results come out to be positive. It's vice versa if u follow the viewpoints of the senior management. Rather than offering the same marketing mix to different customers, organizations plan out market segmentation. Market segmentation helps firms to tailor marketing mix for specific target markets, hence better satisfying customer needs. Not all elements of the marketing mix are changed from one segment to another. For example in some cases only the promotional campaigns would change. A niche is a further division of a segment. Thus, the difference between a segment and a niche is that between segments substitution is negligible, while a large part of the customers in a segment will allow substitution between niche products. Niche products are aimed at a smaller group of consumers within a segment, for whom specific product properties are obligatory, while the same properties were only positioning properties in the broader market segment. We can have a market segment of one individual but in business markets not in consumer markets. There is a major reason for it. The reason is that in business markets an organization can have only one consumer. This is due to the high priced machinery transactions that take place in the business markets. Apart from that, organizations do want many customers to cater to but they can have a single customer as well and can be specialized producer for a single buyer as they are still making profits in doing so. Ans.3 There are basically two types of sellers in any international market. These two types rely on the two basic terms that a buyer uses to distinguish the products. These two factors are price and quality. Some seller might be giving a good price but not good quality and vice versa. Sellers can be buyers there is no doubt about it. There is no country that is completely self sufficient in producing every single good or commodity that is required by the people living in it, hence keeping this fact in the mind a seller can be a buyer is proved easily. The challenges in regard

The joy of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The joy of life - Essay Example The characters in the painting vary from one to the other; the three characters on the foreground were painted using napels yellow-reddish extra colour. There are two obviously female characters in the middle ground, one with a reddish hair and the other a brunette they have a pale skin. On the left side of the paint, there are four characters, one with a yellow skin and the three have an emerald green skin tone. The painting is an elaborate yet brilliant use of an array of different aspects of art, and an intricate application of shadowing; this has the effect of dramatizing the characters in this piece of art. Matisse (1869-1954) is a celebrated and respected artist from Paris who initially began a career in law but eventually transited to art, where he started as an amateur artist and later studied academic painting from various artists in Paris, Australia and London. He also experimented on sculpting, using clay to create certain forms, and printmaking but his most notable contri butions are well known in the art works. Most of his paintings exhibit the character of extravagant and use of bold, bright and vibrant colors, and for this, he was known as â€Å"wild beast†. His bold usage of brilliant colours earned him a place in the list of greatest modern artist of the 20th century. His initial paintings, now mostly in St Petersburg Russia, were mostly inclined to innate subject matter, but his later work bore the inclination of impressionalism. He admired and adored several artists and these included Jean- Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, and he made copies of Chardin’s work. Henri Matisse applied several varied aspects of art in the painting ‘Joy of Life’ to put his message across. One of the most important elements that he applied is the careful use of space, which becomes very evident to the viewer at first glance. He was able to accomplish this through by the different sizes and distances between the subjects in the whole work as some o f the sizes seem entirely inconsistent generating marvelous scene to the viewer as to just how near or far the subjects are in relation to one another. The artist also applies color with creativity by using a very wide range of colors from extremely light to pastel purple with a thin outline of dark blue lines, to deep red landscape, which is in contrast with the pale yellow skin of a woman’s body to create an eye-catching impact on the viewer. Another outstanding element of Matisse’s artwork was the use of line in the whole paining of ‘Joy of Life’ to carefully outline the subjects that are lighter in tone, and to portray a general flow of the painting. The use of smooth, consistent lines in this piece conveyed the creativity of the artist, which greatly influenced the work and was adequately able to capture the exact effect that Matisse intended to show us. Matisse developed this painting out of the impressionists’ movement that was prevalent in t he late 19th century, a derogatory term coined by Louis Leroy in 1972 to refer to a work of art that is unfinished. Matisse’s painting had no sphere or boundary on rules, the painting purely reflected radicalism in light of the growing secularism at that time in France. French political system at that time had an impact on the painting, during that period, French political system was adapting to the secular society, this had an impact on

Marketing research goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research goals - Essay Example Apart from this marketing research also is important for an organization as it gives them directions for future planning. Its like if marketing is an engine that drives a country's economy than marketing research is the process that keeps the engine tuned. Marketing Research's wide range of uses can measure the importance of it. For example it helps in making new and improved products and enables an organization to have a more convenient delivery of products and services. Well marketing research results can be both correct and incorrect, same is for the viewpoints of the senior management. The major reason for following either one of the options, which is following the marketing research conclusion or the viewpoints of senior management, depends on how much a person knows about the marketing research. If a person is sure that there has been no mistakes or errors throughout the marketing research then he can be sure of following the conclusions based on the marketing research but its not necessary that the results come out to be positive. It's vice versa if u follow the viewpoints of the senior management. Rather than offering the same marketing mix to different customers, organizations plan out market segmentation. Market segmentation helps firms to tailor marketing mix for specific target markets, hence better satisfying customer needs. Not all elements of the marketing mix are changed from one segment to another. For example in some cases only the promotional campaigns would change. A niche is a further division of a segment. Thus, the difference between a segment and a niche is that between segments substitution is negligible, while a large part of the customers in a segment will allow substitution between niche products. Niche products are aimed at a smaller group of consumers within a segment, for whom specific product properties are obligatory, while the same properties were only positioning properties in the broader market segment. We can have a market segment of one individual but in business markets not in consumer markets. There is a major reason for it. The reason is that in business markets an organization can have only one consumer. This is due to the high priced machinery transactions that take place in the business markets. Apart from that, organizations do want many customers to cater to but they can have a single customer as well and can be specialized producer for a single buyer as they are still making profits in doing so. Ans.3 There are basically two types of sellers in any international market. These two types rely on the two basic terms that a buyer uses to distinguish the products. These two factors are price and quality. Some seller might be giving a good price but not good quality and vice versa. Sellers can be buyers there is no doubt about it. There is no country that is completely self sufficient in producing every single good or commodity that is required by the people living in it, hence keeping this fact in the mind a seller can be a buyer is proved easily. The challenges in regard

Chinese philosophy Essay Example for Free

Chinese philosophy Essay Although the interpretation might be negative and positive, it is not how we actually depict these two aspects. They represent a balance and are interdependent (cannot exist without each other). These two are like a cause and effect. 3. How could the hexagrams of the I Ching (The Book of Changes) be viewed as means of divination? How could they be seen as having personality and wisdom of their own? Note the editorial work of the Confucianism. Chinese sought the future in the patterns of the shell of the tortoise or in stalks of grains. The shell of the tortoise was sought to be especially in tune with the rhythms of the universe because of the long life of its inhabitant. With the casting of coins or stalks of a plant, certain patterns emerge. By identifying these patterns, a prediction is made. When casting the coins, they each represented a trigram that when put together you would compare it to your hexagram number. Each hexagram number had a different reading (they were kind of their own version of a fortune cookie). The readings were a form of divination in the way that they each had separate readings about actions to take in the future. They had a personality and wisdom of their own in a sense that each hexagram had a different reading and action to follow. They each had a different fortune. 4. Why did the decline of the feudal system in ancient China set the stage for both Taoism and Confucianism? When the feudal system began to breakdown, each school chose a different belief to kind of explain what was happening at that time with the  government. Within these schools Taoism and Confucianism developed each with different beliefs on how the government should run and how the people should be run. 5. Contrast the view of the best government as it is revealed in the Tao Te Ching and in the teachings of Confucius. Confucianism: feudal system was wanted. They seem to have believed that although the gods existed and worship and rituals were of value in bringing people together, these things were of secondary importance to an equitable social order. They strongly believed in government and that society needed an elaborate structure, reinforced by etiquette in order to be effective. Tao Te Ching: This book was written as a polemic against the Confucians and Legalist who wished for either an idealized form of feudalism or some strong central government. They wanted little to do with government, none if possible. The theme of the book was that all human achievements were folly, especially elaborate government. This book was written by Lao-Tzu in 6th century B. C. E because the gate keeper tried to persuade him to turn back (Hankao Pass) and not leave China. When the gate keeper failed to persuade him he asked him to at least write a book about his teachings (the book took him about 3 days and was made up of 5000 characters). 8. What political difficulties do religions face in China today? The government only tolerates religious organizations that are willing to accept strict regulations. They have to be free of foreign influence and they must accept government censorship of religious writings and guidance in the selections of clergy, and limit religious activities and approved locations.

Perfect Competition And Its Characteristics Economics Essay

Perfect Competition And Its Characteristics Economics Essay Firstly, below there I will discuss about the chapter of monopoly, its definition, characteristics and its diagram. Monopoly have separated to four terms it is included one seller and large number of buyers, no close substitute, restriction of entry of new firms and the last is advertising. Monopoly has differentiated into two types of monopoly; it is included of natural monopoly and government-created monopoly. Natural monopoly means that one firm can provide the lowest cost compared to the other two or more firms that could not provide. Government create monopolies is to avoid firms that they want to entrance into a market. In my conclusion, it can let me deeply understanding and learning about what is monopoly. Monopolist is the price marker it is the only seller or producer in the market so that it has the own right and power to contain the price. I will be discussing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and the last of monopoly and those of it characteristics in the market. What are the standard to be in those of the perfect and monopolist competition even through oligopoly and monopoly in the market? In my conclusion, I can deeply understand and learned about the fourth of containing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Above on, those of the classes also have their own characteristics in the market. Content Page 1.0 Introduction Question 1 1.1 Answer Question 1 1.2 Monopoly and its characteristics 1.3 One seller and large number of buyers 1.4 No close substitution 1.5 Restriction of entry of new firms 1.6 Monopoly Diagram 1.7 Conclusion Question 1 2.0 Introduction Question 2 2.1 Answer Question 2 2.2 Perfect Competition and its characteristics 2.3 Large number of buyers and sellers 2.4 Homogenous or standardized product 2.5 Free of entry and exit 2.6 Role of non-price competition 2.7 Perfect knowledge of the market 2.8 Absence of transport cost 2.9 Monopolist Competition and its characteristics 2.10 Large number of seller and buyers 2.11 Product differentiation 2.12 Easy entry and exit 2.13 Non-price competition 2.14 Selling cost 2.15 Oligopoly and its characteristics 2.16 Few numbers of firms 2.17 Homogenous or differentiated product 2.18 Barriers to entry 2.19 Monopoly and its characteristics 2.20 One seller and large number of buyers 2.21 No close substitute 2.22 Restriction of entry of new firms 2.23 Conclusion Question 2 3.0 References 4.0 Appendices 1.0 Introduction Question 1 Firstly, below there I will discuss about the chapter of monopoly, its definition, characteristics and its diagram. Monopoly have separated to four terms it is included one seller and large number of buyers, no close substitute, restriction of entry of new firms and the last is advertising. Finally, Monopoly has differentiated into two types of monopoly; it is included of natural monopoly and government-created monopoly. Answer Question 1 Monopoly and its characteristics Monopoly is refers to a small firm or is the only producer and seller of a good that has no close substitute. Below here we will start to discuss about the monopoly characteristics. 1.3 One seller and large number of buyers Monopoly appearance or survive in the market when there is only seller of a product. Monopoly industry only firm in the business line to selling a product which has no similar substitute. So normally there is no discrepancy between a firm and an industry in monopoly because there is only one seller in the market. 1.4 No close substitute Monopoly industry would sell a goods or product which has no similar substitute. It means that consumers or buyers could not find any similar substitute for the product in the market. 1.5 Restriction of entry of new firms In a monopoly market, there are rigorous obstacles to the entrance of a new industry or a firm. Obstacles have entrance are physical and legal restraints that stint the entrance of new firms into the industry. A monopolist confronts no emulation because of obstacles of entrance. 1.6 Monopoly Diagram F:Sem3Micro assignmentmonopolyprofits1.gif Above on is the diagram of monopoly and I will explain about it below here. The profit maximizing output may be sold at Price P1 above the average cost AC at output Q1. The industry is producing unusual monopoly profits display by the yellow shaded area. The area of below ATC1 that displays the total cost of producing output Qm. Total cost amounts average overall cost multiplied by the output. 1.7 Conclusion Question 1 In my conclusion, it can let me deeply understanding and learning about what is monopoly. Monopoly in the market that is the only seller and has large number of buyers and selling the products that has no similar substitute and have a higher entrance and exit obstacle. Monopolist is the price marker it is the only seller or producer in the market so that it has the own right and power to contain the price. 2.0 Introduction Question 2 I will be discussing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and the last of monopoly and those of it characteristics in the market. What are the standard to be in those of the perfect and monopolist competition even through oligopoly and monopoly in the market? I will also discussing those of its characteristics function and effect in the market. 2.1 Answer Question 2 2.2 Perfect Competition and its characteristics Perfect competition is referring to the market in which there are many buyers and sellers, the products are homogeneous and the sellers may readily join and leave from the market. 2.3 Large number of buyers and sellers The amount of a single seller sells in a market is so tiny emulated to the integrated industry. For examples, in an agricultural industry, there are thousands of duck producers in Thailand. Each industry producers have exclusive that containing a tiny of fraction of the overall agricultural firm. Even the industry increases its production; it also does not influence much on the entire firm, so that no one industry or seller can affect the price of the product in the market. 2.4 Homogenous or standardized product The consumers do not distinguish the products of one seller to another seller. For examples, the consumers cannot distinguish the duck sold in the industry A and industry B, so the industry cannot change distinct prices for the equally product in the market. 2.5 Free of entry and exit There is no restraint on enter into a new firms to the industry or leave the firms form the industry. For example, every industry who expect to open up a boutique can manipulate the business if he/ she has the essential elements of the production as the currently industry. Even if any industry worries about deficits it can exit the firm without any rules or restraints. 2.6 Role of non-price competition Selling cost are the expenses for expend to raise the sale of a product or raise the requirement for that product. For examples, we will not see any commercial in the mass media that broadcast about duck or floras specifically without any brand. 2.7 Perfect knowledge of the market Sellers and buyers also need to know the price of charged by others sellers in the market. For example, Phil has all of the information needed to grow Aloe vela. This is the similar information possessed by Becky, Dan, Alicia, and the other great number of aloe vela producers. Phil also knows that the going price of aloe vela is 50 cents. All of the aloe vela buyers know that the going price is fifty cents. 2.8 Absence of transport cost In perfect competition it is supposed that many companies task so occlude to each other that there are no any transport costs. 2.9 Monopolist Competition and its characteristics Monopolist competition is a market construction in which there are major numbers of small sellers betray distinguish products but there are occlude substitute products and it is liable join and leave from the market. Below here I would like to share about monopolist competition characteristics, and its have separate to five terms of specific. 2.10 Large number of seller and buyers In the monopolist competition market there are the major number of industries are retaining. For examples, by the shampoo firms, the prices for a 500ml shampoo scope among brands have included Sunsilk, Pantene, Loreal Professionals and other well industries. 2.11 Product differentiation Product differentiation it means the products of the firm is selling or producing that are deeply not similar. For example, if the foods are sold in open skin, then the fruits are in perfect competition market. But if the same fruits are packaged in a box and labeled as Health fruits, then this product is in monopolistic competition. 2.12 Easy entry and exit Any new industry that would join in an industry must find certain discrimination with the existing brands. For example, if Sunsilk shampoo wants to join into the shampoo firm, this industry must find certain distinct in terminology of diathesis, smell, model or labeling in order to be monopolistic competition. 2.13 Non-price competition Classes of non-price competition fulfills in monopolist competition market are included commercials, promotion, rebates, free gifts, after sales services and many others. For example, the opponent industries contend with each other through commercial by which they alter the buyers wants for their products and fascinate more buyers. 2.14 Selling cost Selling cost can be referring to expenses produce to fascinate buyers towards a special brand. For example, by these ways, the industry attempts to make a beneficial divert in requirement for the product and attempts to capture the market. 2.15 Oligopoly and its characteristics Oligopoly is a market construction in which there are exclusive a few industries selling either demarcated or distinguished products and it limits the entrance into the exit from the market. Oligopoly has a few of the characteristics and it will be discussed below the following. 2.16 Few numbers of firms Inside oligopoly the number of industries is small but size of the industries is large. For example, is premeditating oligopolistic if the top five industries produce half the firms overall yield. 2.17 Homogenous or differentiated product A product sold below oligopoly can be probably a homogeneous or a distinct product. For example, computer or household products implements produced by one firm are similar to another firm. Same as the petroleum sold by Malaysia is unanimous to the petroleum by Middle East countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. 2.18 Barriers to entry These unusual characteristics also provide assists in distinguishing an oligopolistic market from a monopolistic market, if a new industry be able to join in a monopolistic market and decrease advantage of the large industry. For examples, as a new industry attempt the imaginary telecommunications market deliberated earlier it will have to contend against already subsisting brand names, install a creating unit without certain initial sales or revenue from the business and it will need to come over with innovative production skills to support it in the long run. 2.19 Monopoly and its characteristics Monopoly is refers to a small firm or is the only producer and seller of a good that has no close substitute. 2.20 One seller and large number of buyers Monopoly industry only firm in the business line to selling a product which has no similar substitute. So normally there is no discrepancy between a firm and an industry in monopoly because there is only one seller in the market. Monopolist is a price marker means that there is only a seller and producer and it has the own right and powerful to control over the price in the market. 2.21 No close substitute It means that consumers or buyers could not find any similar substitute for the product in the market. For examples, Indah water it is the only seller of provided consumers or buyers for their water resources in the daily life and it is no similar substitute in the market. 2.22 Restriction of entry of new firms In a monopoly market, there are rigorous obstacles to the entrance of a new industry or a firm. Obstacles have entrance are physical and legal restraints that stint the entrance of new firms into the industry. A monopolist confronts no emulation because of obstacles of entrance. Perfect competition and monopolist competition are distinct to each other in that they depict deeply distinct markets scripts that relate distinct in prices, standard of emulation, number of market players, and classes of products sold. The definition of monopoly is one firm in the marketplace selling a special product. An oligopoly is a small body of an industry includes the market for a unusual product. In the fact, there can be several, or especially many smaller contestants to a monopoly or an oligopoly, but monopolist or oligopoly also contains the extensive share of the market. For example, criterion oil duplicity drove new participants out of the market before its break up. 2.23 Conclusion Question 2 In my conclusion, I can deeply understand and learned about the fourth of containing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Above on, those of the classes also have their own characteristics in the market.

Essay --

â€Å"Courage is fire and bullying is smoke.†--Benjamin Disraeli. Bullying is more connected to smoke than just as aftermath. Bullying, compared to smoke, is widespread and causes destruction in every life it touches. The tormentor envelopes their victim in fear and a sense of uneasiness that cannot be divided into categories--such as some websites claim--but instead, one because all the bully can do is connected to his or her victim in one way or another. Bullying touches many people in close proximity to one another . In fact, recent surveys have found that approximately 60 percent of students enrolled in middle school have been bullied in some form (Statistics: Is Bullying). The facts show that once started, bullying is incredibly difficult to stop, and wreaks havoc in every life it touches. Bullying affects middle school students in numerous ways. Some of the most common being physically, emotionally, and academically. Bullying, such as smoke, can cause serious health problems to students in middle school. Many bullies choose to physically harm their victims in a form of bullying called physical bullying. â€Å"Physical bullying involves real bodily contact between a bully and his or her victim for the express purpose of intimidation or control over the victim† (What Is Physical). This interaction develops into a feeling of satisfaction for the bully because their have done what they intended to accomplish--establish anxiety into the life of the suffer. However, the pain does not end there for some students. Many students suffer from imperfections in their bodies due to the physical contact. Some of which includes bruises, cuts, and scars, leaving a constant reminder of middle school for the rest of their lives. Physical bullyi... ... who are repeatedly bullied receive poorer grades and participate less in class discussions. Some students may get labeled as low achievers because they do not want to speak up in class for fear of getting bullied. Teachers can misinterpret their silence, thinking that these students are not motivated to learn† (Wolpert). Without doing well in school, many students are hurting their chances to be successful in life. Bullying causes a students to feel like they do not have fulfillment in their lives. Because of bullying, many students suffer. Because of bullying, many middle school students suffer in more than one area, just as smoke can affect a persons health in more than one area. It affect student’s body, mind, and school work. To help correct this, peers need to step up if they see someone being bullied, for the health of the bully, victim, and community.

Instant Messenger Programs Essay -- Communication Computers Internet E

Analysis of Instant Messenger Programs From telegrams to telephones, to emails and faxes, people have had a strong desire to be connected to one another. The onset of the information age has only increased that desire - to the point that people are seeking a constant connection. The introduction of instant messenger programs has allowed people to be connected and communicate in real-time. Instant messaging not only provides transfer of text messages, but peer-to-peer file sharing as well. While file transfer provides the user with increased convenience, it also increases the odds of transferring viruses, worms, and other malware. This paper will discuss the major instant messenger programs: AOL IM, .NET Messenger, ICQ, and Yahoo! Messenger. In particular it will explore the threats and security risks involved in both personal and professional use of instant messenger programs. Introduction As the name suggests, instant messaging, or IM, is the real-time delivery of a message from one user to another. Communication between any computing stations can occur as long as the appropriate version of the program is installed. Users must also be concurrently running an IM client (program) as well as be on the same IM network [7]. A conversation that occurs between two or more users is known as a session (or channel). A session can either be public, where any and all users can participate, or private, where users must be invited to participate in the session. Buddy lists, also known as contact lists, allow users to maintain communication with specific users of the same IM client and network. While each instant messaging program is unique, they all employ similar client-server architecture to send and receive m... ... [5] Gaudin, Sharon. â€Å"Norton Antivirus Attacks Instant Messaging.† www.instant-messaging.com. August 2002. [6] Grimes, Roger A. "IM Security Primer." www.secadministrator.com. May 2002. [7] Hindocha, Neal. â€Å"Instant Insecurity: Security Issues of Instant Messaging.† www.securityfocus.com. January 2003. [8] Hindocha, Neal. â€Å"Threats to Instant Messaging.† Symantec Security Response. January 2003. [9] Hu, Jim. â€Å"Worms Find Fertile Ground in IM.† www.cnetnews.com. August 2001. [10] Shinder, Thomas. â€Å"How to Block Dangerous Instant Messengers Using ISA Server.† www.windowssecurity.com. July 2002. [11] Thorsberg, Frank. â€Å"Is IM a Sieve for Corporate Secrets?† www.pcworld.com July 2002. [12] Varnosi, Robert. â€Å"The Problem with Instant Messaging Apps at Work.† www.cnet.com. August 2002

An Introduction to Cataracts

Abstract Cataracts will affect almost everyone’s vision at some point in their life. Some people may be able to deal with the cataracts with glasses while others must have cataract surgery in order to improve their vision. The paper explains what a cataract is, who it affects, the development of cataract surgery leading to modern day surgical techniques, as well as the possible complications and benefits after cataract surgery. There was once a time that cataracts caused people to become what they considered blind, but now with modern technology and modern medicine people have the ability to proceed with their life with just minor adjustments to their daily activities. An Introduction to Cataracts and Cataract Surgery Everyone has different vision, and everyone has different points in their life where they may notice their vision changing. One major medical condition that can affect a person’s vision is a cataract. It is important to understand what a cataract is and who it commonly impacts, the development of cataract surgery leading to the modern surgical technique, and the possible complications and benefits of having cataract surgery. What is a Cataract and Who is Commonly Impacted? A cataract, simply put, is the cloudiness of the clear natural lens in the eye (Buettner, p. 101). People who have cataracts have trouble seeing sharp figures, often times the objects they see are fuzzy or dim. The cataracts do not form suddenly but progress and get more advanced with time. The natural proteins of the lens begin to deteriorate between the age of 40 and 45 (Newmark, 38). People with cataracts often have trouble driving, difficulty reading, and even trouble seeing expressions on other’s faces. Cataracts can also cause extreme trouble with sensitivity to sunlight and headlights or streetlights (p. 101). Cataracts occur with the normal aging sclerosis, as the lens becomes less resilient, less transparent, and thicker (Gordon, p. 50). In The Eye Book cataracts are compared to wrinkles and gray hair, eventually it is something everyone will get. It just isn’t acknowledged until someone has a lot of the above mentioned gray hair and wrinkles (Cassel, p. 128). Most Americans by the age of 65 have some type of cataracts or clouding of the lens. According to the National Eye Institute, cataracts occur in roughly half of Americans aged 65 and over (Gordon, p. 49). Certain factors can also increase the risk for developing cataracts. The factors include: advanced age, diabetes, a family history of cataracts, extensive exposure to sunlight, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, previous eye injury or inflammation or swelling to the eye (American Academy of Ophthalmology, p. 1). Cataracts are also found to be more present in women than in men, more common in African Americans than in Caucasians, and more common in developing countries along the tropical belt than in the United States and Europe (Cassel, p. 132). A recent study also showed that poor nutrition also increased the percentage of cataract formation (Guttman, p. 1). The formation of cataracts can also be advanced by the use of corticosteroid use and excessive alcohol consumption (Buettner, p. 106). It is also worth mentioning that occasionally children can be born with cataracts or develop them at a very young age, this is called a Congenital cataract. This can be caused by the mother having German measles during pregnancy, due to a chemical imbalance, or a developmental imbalance. These cataracts are removed quickly if they are determined to be affecting the child’s vision (p. 106). If a person truly feels that they do not see to their full potential then it is in their best interest to consult with their ophthalmologist and have their vision evaluated to see if surgery would be beneficial. What is the Process of Cataract Surgery? Once the patient decides they are ready to pursue cataract surgery a few steps need to be taken. The patient will need to be seen by an ophthalmologist. The patient will have a dilated eye exam with the doctor along with testing prior to surgery. The testing performed is done to determine what power of Intraocular lens, or IOL, should be placed in the eye to give the patient to best vision possible. The testing is often called an A-scan or an IOL Master. The patient may also have a Corneal Topography done if they have an astigmatism. An astigmatism is an irregular shaping of the cornea and the corneal topography is just a picture or mapping of the cornea. The doctor also uses this test when determining which power of lens will be implanted at the time of surgery. Of course before any surgery can take place the patient must also complete the necessary paperwork. Cataract surgery used to be a major surgery, an inpatient procedure with general anesthesia and about a week stay in the local hospital (Gordon, p. 59). The procedure itself was much harder on patient. The physician made an incision about a half-inch long, through which they removed the cataract and replaced it with a thick glass lens and then later an artificial lens (p. 9). Today the procedure is done on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia in about thirty minutes. In fact, each year over 1. 5 million cataract surgeries are performed in the United States (p. 49). There two different ways a cataract can be removed, either by extracapsular surgery or phacoemulsification (Kanski, p. 346). Extracapsular surgery became common in the 1980s when IOLs became more widely used (p . 346). The capsular bag is opened approximately 10 mm and the lens material is removed in one piece. This technique is beneficial for dense and firm cataracts that would be difficult to break up by phacoemulsification, which will be discussed later (Cassel, p. 150). Once the artificial lens is implanted the incision is stitched. The stitches rarely have to be removed, and usually disintegrate over time (Gordon, p. 60). Because the size of the incision on the eye is rather large, healing does take a few weeks (p. 60). This type of cataract surgery can also induce significant post-operative astigmatism resulting from the large incision and the need for stitches (Kanski, p. 346). Phacoemulsification is the newest and most common method of cataract extraction (Gordon, p. 60). The doctor makes a tiny incision, about 3mm long and uses a tool, called a phaco handpiece, that breaks up the solid cataract into tiny pieces using ultrasound. Then a vacuum is used to essentially suck out the tiny fragments of the cataract from the capsule. (Buettner, p. 111). No stitches are needed to close the incision because the incision is so small that the natural pressure within the eye holds the incision tightly closed, and allows the wound to heal quickly (Gordon, pp. 60-61). Another major difference is how the artificial lens is implanted. The lens is actually folded before it is inserted into the capsule and once placed into the capsule it is unfolded. This is done because the incision is so small the unfolded lens wouldn’t be able to fit through the opening (p. 61). The smaller incision makes the procedure safer and provides an earlier refraction postoperatively (Kanski, pp. 346-347). There is also less risk for iris prolapse (p. 347). Phacoemulsification offers good long-term results and in 97-98 percent of all cases there are no complications, when done by a well experienced surgeon (Gordon, p. 1). Following surgery a protective shield is placed over the eye and the patient is sent home with instructions to use postoperative drops to prevent infection and inflammation (p. 67). The patient will follow up with their doctor the day after surgery and then during the following 6 weeks to check the eyes healing (Buettner, p. 112). Former restriction s were placed on patients that kept them from bending and lifting are becoming things of the past. Patients can resume normal activities almost immediately following surgery, of course any activites should be cleared by the patients physician (Cassel, p. 52). Patients will need to wear dark sunglasses following surgery when they are outdoors in order to reduce the effects of glare (Gordon, p. 67). What are the Complications and Benefits of Surgery? As with any type of surgery there is always risk involved when you have an operative procedure done. Although cataract surgery is one of the lower risk surgeries performed in the United States, there are some complications that should be discussed. Some complications can happen during the surgery and some can happen after the surgery during the healing process. While the physician is extracting the cataract the posterior capsule can rupture (Kanski, p. 349). If this happens the patient can be left with long term complications including vitreous loss, an up-drawn pupil, uveitis, vitreous touch, vitreous wick syndrome, endophthalmitis, glaucoma, posterior dislocation of the IOL, retinal detachment, and chronic cystoid macular edema (p. 349). Another serious risk is dislocation of the IOL after surgery, the IOL can become dislodged into the vitreous cavity and is a result of improper implantation (p. 53). If left untreated it can lead to vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, uveitis, and chronic cystoid macular edema (p. 353). A suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a bleed into the suprachorooidal space which could result in the extrusion of intraocular contents, it is an unlikely complication with the phacoemulsification technique (p. 353). Unfortunately, dislocated IOLs are becoming more frequent with the changing IOL designs and it is necessary that those dislocated lens be addressed immediately for the patient’s benefit (Rajecki, p. 1). Endophthalmitis is a rare but serious infection, symptoms include vision loss, pain not relieved by OTC pain medications, a significant increase in eye redness, flashes of light or floaters, nausea or vomiting (Buettner, p. 113). Of course the benefits of surgery are very clear. The patients can walk away with improved vision and also the possibility of not having to wear glasses. Technology continues to improve and there are multiple lenses for patients to choose from. These lenses offer deluxe options such as correction for astigmatism and multiple focal points. This allows people who have never been able to function without their glasses on to have cataract surgery to live their lives without glasses, and in a true sense live a whole new life! The patients that have successful cataract surgery do not regret the choice they made; in fact they likely wonder why they waited so long to make the choice to proceed with surgery. They often times say they didn’t realize the house was so dirty or they had so many wrinkles until they got home from the cataract surgery. It is clear that cataracts and cataract surgery is a very complicated and detailed subject. It should be very important to the patient that they make a wise decision when it comes to their eyes and the care they receive. Patients will continue to see ophthalmology care grow and change all the time and it will continue to get better. It is encouraging to see that through time things have only gotten better and more advanced for patient care. References American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2011). Who Is at Risk for Cataracts? Billig, O. D. , Michael, Cassel, M. D. , Gary, Randall, M. D. , Harry. (1998). The Eye Book: A Complete Guide to Eye Disorders and Health. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press. Buettner, M. D. Helmut. (2002). Mayo Clinic on Vision and Eye Health. Rochester, MN:Kensington Publishing. Gordon, Sandra. (2001). The Aging Eye. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Guttman, Cheryl. (2009, October 1). Analyses Examine Association Between Risk Factors,Cataracts. Ophthalmology Times. Kanski, Jack J. (2007). Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systemic Approach. Philadelphia, PA:Butt erworth, Heinemann, Elsevier. Newmark, M. D. , Emanuel. (2006). Ophthalmic Medical Assisting. San Francisco, CA: Essilor Rajecki, Ron. (2008, October 15). Advances in Cataract Surgery Bring New ComplicationsAlong with Benefits. Ophthalmology Times.